Postgraduate molecular biology course – 2024

Basic Biomedical Sciences Postgraduate Program
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi's Faculty of Medicine.
San Luis Potosí, México

From September 1st, 2025 to October 31st, 2025.


Semester: 1st semester
Type: Theoretical.
Total allocated time: 60 hours
Number of credits: 7.5
Schedule: Mondays through Fridays from 11:30 to 13:00
Professors: Dr. Christian A. García-Sepúlveda & Dr. Sandra E. Guerra-Palomares.

(Last updated: Oct 09, © 2025.)

Syllabus


Topic 1. History of Molecular Biology (Oct 18, 2024 v1)

Introducing genomes, history of molecular biology and genome projects.
English portable document format (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

The Human Genome Project (Hum Mol Genet. 2021)
The History and Challenges of Non-Western Women in Genetics (Front Genet. 2021)
Brief history of human disease genetics (Front Genet. 2021)
Oswald Avery: Pioneer of Bacterial Vaccines (Cureus. 2024)

Topic 2. Nucleic acid biochemistry (Oct 21, 2024 v1)

DNA chemistry, molecular structure and conformation, prokaryote and eukaryote genomic ogranization.
English portable document format (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

3D Genome Architecture (Nat Rev Genet. 2018)
Bacterial G‑Quadruplexes in Antimicrobial Discovery (ACS Omega. 2024)

Topic 3. Genomes (Nov 21, 2024 v1)

A presentation exploring the structure, function, and evolution of viral and bacterial genomes, highlighting key molecular techniques and their applications in understanding genetic information and its role in biological systems, plasmids, viroids and prions (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Atypical phages (Curr Opin Microbiol. 2024)
Nuclear organization of the genome (Nature. 2007 )
Thermophiles Genome Organization (Microbes Environ. 2024)
Whole Genome Sequencing Applications (Microbes Environ. 2024)
Ancient Viral Genomes and Human History (Annu Rev Virol. 2023)
A Brief History of Plasmids (EcoSal Plus. 2022)
Synthetic chromosomes, genomes, viruses, and cells (Cell. 2022)
Viroid Replication, Movement, and Host Factors (Microorganisms. 2024)

Topic 4. Genomic compaction in virus and prokaryotes (Nov 21, 2024 v1)

A presentation delving into the mechanisms of DNA packaging in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and the relationship between genomic organization and function (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Bacterial genome folding (Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2023)
The Bacterial Nucleoid Electron Microscopy (Life. 2023)
Spatiotemporal Coupling of DNA Supercoiling (Biomolecules. 2022)
Evolution of DNA supercoiling (Protein Sci. 2021)
Mechanisms for Chromosome Segregation in Bacteria (Front Microbiol. 2021)

Topic 5. Genomic compaction in euokaryotes (Nov 21, 2024 v1)

A presentation delving into the mechanisms of DNA packaging, chromatin structure in eukaryotes, and the relationship between genomic organization and function (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Principles of Genome Architecture and Function (Cell Review. 2020)
Nuclear organization of the genome (Nature. 2007 )
The chromosome folding problem (Cell. 2024)
X-chromosome architecture in mammals (Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2024)
Genome organization across scales (Biochem Soc Trans. 2024)
Chromatin 3C to Live-Cell Imaging (Chem Biomed Imaging. 2024)

Topic 7. Genes and genomic organization (Nov 14, 2024 v1)

A presentation on gene organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes will compare their genomic architectures, including operons, introns, exons, regulatory sequences, and the structural and functional implications of these differences (pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Gene organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Cell. 2002)
The Operon Gene Dynamics and Biochemical Constraints (Genes. 2023)
Shared strategies in gene organization among pro/eukaryotes (Cell. 2002)

Topic 8. Mutagenesis, DNA repair and repair diseases (Oct 09, 2025 v2)

This presentation delves into the mechanisms of mutagenesis, DNA repair, the significance of genetic polymorphisms, the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on genetic variation and disease and DNA repair machinery defficiency diseases (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

DNA Damage, Repair, and Mutagenesis (Environ Mol Mutagen. 2017)
DNA Damage, Mutagenesis and Cancer. (Int J Mol Sci. 2018)
UV mutagenesis. (J Radiat Res. 2011)
Transcription-associated mutagenesis. (Annu Rev Genet. 2014)
Mitochondrial DNA Mutagenesis. (Curr Environ Health Rep. 2021)
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (GeneReviews. 2023)
Fanconi anemia (Ageing Res Rev. 2017)
Werner syndrome (Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001)
Cockayne Syndrome (GeneReviews. 2000)
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Cureus. 2022)
Xeroderma Pigmentosum (J Pers Med. 2021)

Topic 9. Replicons, Replication and DNA Polymerases (Oct 07, 2025 v2)

This presentation explores the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting the structure and regulation of replicons, the roles of key DNA polymerases, and their coordination in replication processes (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Replicon hypothesis revisited (Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022)
Origins of DNA replication (PLoS Genet. 2019)
Replicon hypothesis revisited (Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022)
Escherichia coli DNA replication (FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024)
Viral Replicon Systems and Biosafety Aspects (Appl Biosaf. 2023)
Replication & Transcription of Human Mitochondrial DNA (Annu Rev Biochem. 2024)
Eukaryotic Replisome Disassembly at Termination (Biology. 2024)

Topic 11. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and Alternative Splicing (Oct 09, 2025 v2)

This presentation explores the roles and processing of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in gene expression, with a detailed focus on the mechanisms and regulation of RNA splicing in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Biological relevance of alternative splicing (Mol Med. 2024)
Mitochondrial RNA maturation (RNA Biol. 2024)
Structure in regulatory RNA elements (Biosci Rep. 2024)
RNA in axons, dendrites and synapses (Front Mol Neurosci. 2024)
Role of RNA structure in eukaryotes. (Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2024)
RNA exon editing (Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2024)

Topic 12. The Genetic Code (Oct 09, 2025 v2)

Codons and amino acids, redundancy, wobbles, aminoacid nomenclature, alternative codes and biotechnological applications.
Spanish portable document format (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

The Genetic Codes (NCBI. 2023)
Origin and evolution of the genetic code (IUBMB Life. 2009)
Genetic code expansion (Protein Cell. 2024)
Evolution of the genetic code (Transcription. 2021)

Topic 13. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Translation (Oct 09, 2025 v2)

This presentation compares the molecular mechanisms of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting the roles of ribosomes, tRNA, translation factors, and regulatory processes in protein synthesis, ribosome sites, initiation, elongation and termination factors, Kozak consensus and Shine-Dalgarno sites (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Eukaryotic Ribosome Assembly (Annu Rev Biochem. 2024)
Decoding and Recoding mRNA (Annu Rev Biophys. 2023)
Ribosome-Targeting Antibiotics (Annu Rev Biochem. 2018)

Topic 14. Protein Localization (Oct 09, 2025 v2)

This presentation compares the molecular mechanisms of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting the roles of ribosomes, tRNA, translation factors, and regulatory processes in protein synthesis, ribosome sites, initiation, elongation and termination factors, Kozak consensus and Shine-Dalgarno sites (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

SUMOylation and protein localization (Cell Insight. 2024)
Landscape of protein localization in human diseases (Proteome Sci. 2024)
protein localization cues in bacteria (Curr Opin Microbiol. 2017)
Mechanisms Regulating Protein Localization (Traffic. 2015)

Topic 15. Chaperones (Oct 09, 2025 v2)

This presentation examines the similarities and differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic chaperone systems, focusing on their roles in protein folding, stress response, and maintaining proteome stability (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Mechanical study of chaperones and clients. (Biophys Rev. 2022 )
Chaperone regulation of cell metabolism. (FEBS Lett. 2023)
Molecular chaperones & tumor suppression. (Oncotarget. 2024)

Topic 16. RNA interference, miRNA and siRNA (Oct 12, 2025 v2)

Discovery, mechanism, siRNA, miRNA, RISC complex, gene silencing, therapeutic applications, challenges, and future directions
Spanish portable document format (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

MicroRNA and Rare Human Diseases (Genes. 2024)
Gene regulation in bacteria by RNAs (FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2022)

Topic 17. Transposable elements (Oct 12, 2025 v2)

A presentation on transposable elements will explore their structure and mobility mechanisms, with a focus on retrotransposons, endogenous retroviral sequences, and Alu repeats, highlighting their roles in genome evolution, regulation, and diversity (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Mechanisms, functions of transposable elements (FEBS Open Bio. 2024)
Mobile genetic element DNA transfer (Trends Genet. 2024)

Topic 18. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (Oct 12, 2025 v2)

A presentation on transposable elements will explore their structure and mobility mechanisms, with a focus on retrotransposons, endogenous retroviral sequences, and Alu repeats, highlighting their roles in genome evolution, regulation, and diversity (Pdf).

Supplementary documents:

Pharmacogenetics in Low-Income Countries (J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024)
Pharmacogenetics and personalized medicine (Farm Hosp. 2024)
Pharmacogenetics to pharmaco-omics (HGG Adv. 2022)
Pharmacogenetics Into Practice (Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021)


Reference texts:

Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition.
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al.
New York: Garland Science; 2002.
Freely available through NCBI.

Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition.
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al.
New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000.
Freely available through NCBI.

Genomes, 2nd edition
Terence A Brown.
Department of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, Manchester, UK
Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002.
Freely available through NCBI.



Supporting videos:

A History of Research on Genetics 55 minutes, English

DNA - Secret of Photo 51 (NOVA) 55 minutes, English

DNA Packaging 3 minutes, English.

TED -Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology 9 minutes, English

DNA Replication 21 minutes, English.

DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10 12 minutes, English.

Horizontal Gene Transfer in Prokaryotes 22 minutes, English.

Richard McIntosh Part 1: Preparing for Cell Division 29 minutes, English

Richard McIntosh Part 2: Understanding Mitosis 39 minutes, English

Richard McIntosh Part 3: Microtubule Depolymerization 41 minutes, English

Transcription and Translation 4 minutes, English

Translation: Protein Synthesis 3 minutes, English

Inner Life of the Cell 7 minutes, English